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GRAMMAR I

CLAUSE: it’s a group of words with a subject and a predicate of its own; it hasn’t meaning by itself.
COMPLEX SENTENCE: it’s a main clause and a subordinate clause – a complex sentence may have 1, 2 o more subordinate clauses.

Examples:

1. We bought a large house. Adjectival Clause
2. We bought a house [that would be large enogh for conversion into flats].
3. Your speech gave everyone great pleasure.
4. [What you said] gave everyone great pleasure. Subject. Noun Clause.
5. I shall see you tomorrow.
6. I shall see you [when I return from my holiday]. Adverbial Clause.

The work of a noun, adjective an adverb may be done:

by a single word
by a group of words (finite or a non-finite clause)

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB

INFINITIVE
GERUND
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PAST PARTICIPLE
PERFECT PARTICIPLE

I have something [to tell you]. Non-finite adjectival clause.
[To give up at this stage] would be a great pity. Non-finite noun clause.
[To speed up the delivery of letters], the post office introduced automatic sorting. Non-finite adverbial clause.
[Closing the factory] would be unemployment for many of the town’s work force. Non-finite gerundial noun clause.
The thieves took two mail bags [containing registered letters]. Non-finite adjectival clause.
I couldn’t understand the instructions [given in the manual]. Non-finite adjectival clause.
[Given time], he will make a first class tennis player. = If he’s given time, he will make a first class tennis player. Non-finite adverbial clause of condition.
[Having received their final medical check], astronauts boarded their spacecraft. Non-finite adverbial clause of time. =After receiving object of a preposition.

WHEN WE HAVE MORE THAN ONE MAIN CLAUSE JOINED BY “AND” WE HAVE COORDINATED CLAUSES (CLAUSES OF EQUAL RANK):

The station master waved his free flag and the train started moving.

The difference between the PRESENT PARTICIPLE and the GERUND (ING)

As MODIFIERS:

running stream PRESENT PARTICIPLE: it’s the stream that runs.
running-shoes GERUND: shoes for running. You can also say: sports shoes.

Everything used after a perposition is a noun or a noun equivalent

PRESENT PARTICIPLE
ü It is expanded into an adjectival clause. BOILING ‘WATER
ü The stress is on the noun. HARD WORKING ‘STUDENTS

GERUND
ü The stress is on the “ing” form. ‘ WORKING-CLOTHES
ü We use a typhon. ‘CHANGING-ROOM.

His views on politics were rather [surprising]. Subject Complement.
He seems quite [satisfied] with his new job. Subject Complement.
Her latest craze is [dancing]. Subject Complement. Gerund
His hobby is [collecting stamps]. Subject Complement. Present participle.
His sister is collecting stamps. Finite verb.

VERB PATTERNS WITH

ING-FORMS
INFINITIVES
THAT CLAUSES

[Reading] is his favourite pastime. Subject. GERUND.
[To ease credit restrictions at this stage] would be unease. Subject.
My worst vice is [smoking]. Subject Complement. GERUND.
Her first impulse was [to scream]. Subject Complement.

TO: is also a preposition, not only an infintive maker.


GERUND and INFINITIVE are NOUNS. They perform these functions in the sentence:
OF THE VERB BE

SUBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT of TRANSITIVE VERBS
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Only the gerund:
Ø is modified by an adjective or an adverb
Ø is used after a preposition.
Ø can be used with an article (with a determiner)
Ø may be qualified by an adjective (with a determiner)


He insisted on coming. V+PREPOSITION+GERUND: Object of a prepositional verb.

This book makes good light reading. We cannot use the infinitive.
Those/The findings of the Court have now being made public.
I can’t keep track of his comings and goings. The GERUND admits plural form.

The GERUND is used AFTER:

ü PREPOSITION
ü PREPOSITIONAL VERB
ü PHRASAL VERB